商用車AMT離合器項目的行業背(bei)景

       國外(wai)AMT離合器(qi)在商(shang)用汽(qi)車(che)上的(de)應(ying)用已相當廣泛且進入了(le)智能化階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。從歷史上看(kan)，AMT離合器(qi)的(de)發展大致分(fen)為兩個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)：單(dan)獨(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和(he)整(zheng)體控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。單(dan)獨(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)指AMT離合器(qi)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)對(dui)(dui)象只包括(kuo)選換檔機(ji)構(gou)(gou)、離合器(qi)、油門機(ji)構(gou)(gou)，其控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)策略只是實現(xian)起步、換檔時(shi)人工(gong)操縱的(de)自(zi)動(dong)化；整(zheng)體控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)不僅(jin)實現(xian)人工(gong)操縱的(de)自(zi)動(dong)化，還對(dui)(dui)整(zheng)個傳動(dong)系統(tong)進行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，以提高傳動(dong)系統(tong)的(de)性能和(he)智能。AMT的(de)單(dan)獨(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)經歷了(le)三個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。

第(di)一(yi)(yi)階段是半(ban)(ban)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)AMT的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)熟階段。早(zao)在20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代，歐洲一(yi)(yi)些(xie)手動(dong)(dong)變速器(qi)生(sheng)產廠家就已(yi)開始離(li)(li)(li)合器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，通過(guo)(guo)全機械或液壓控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)離(li)(li)(li)合器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化，但這(zhe)種系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果有(you)限，沒有(you)太(tai)多的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。20世紀(ji)70年(nian)代中(zhong)期，AMT的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究方向(xiang)是半(ban)(ban)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)輔助(zhu)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。車輛的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)刻由(you)駕駛員決定，由(you)電(dian)子控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完成(cheng)(cheng)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)操(cao)作的(de)(de)(de)功能。瑞典Scania（斯堪尼(ni)亞）的(de)(de)(de)CAG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、德國DaimlerBenz（戴(dai)姆勒(le)奔馳）的(de)(de)(de)EPS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)都是半(ban)(ban)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)AMT，駕駛員踩離(li)(li)(li)合器(qi)確定換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)刻，電(dian)子控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)接到換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)指令后，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)執行(xing)(xing)機構實現(xian)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)操(cao)作。同一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期，白俄羅斯工學院采(cai)用(yong)兩參數換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)規律由(you)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完成(cheng)(cheng)選(xuan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)和換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)機的(de)(de)(de)確定及其執行(xing)(xing)，但在起步(bu)時(shi)，仍由(you)駕駛員操(cao)縱離(li)(li)(li)合器(qi)以實現(xian)車輛的(de)(de)(de)起步(bu)。美國Eaton（伊頓）的(de)(de)(de)SAMT系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對(dui)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)刻的(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)合器(qi)和發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機進行(xing)(xing)適當的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，駕駛員只(zhi)需要(yao)通過(guo)(guo)開關向(xiang)TCU發(fa)(fa)出升檔(dang)(dang)(dang)或降檔(dang)(dang)(dang)信號(hao)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就能自(zi)動(dong)(dong)完成(cheng)(cheng)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)動(dong)(dong)作。

第二階段是全自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)AMT的(de)(de)(de)發展。從1981年(nian)底(di)，五十鈴公司和富士(shi)公司開始開發AMT，于1984年(nian)秋在世界上(shang)(shang)最(zui)先研(yan)制(zhi)成(cheng)功電子控(kong)制(zhi)機械式(shi)(shi)有(you)級全自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)速器NAVI-5（NewAdvancedVehicleWithIntelligence-5）并(bing)裝于ASKA（雅加）轎(jiao)車投放市場，該車已經能夠實現車輛的(de)(de)(de)起步、換檔(dang)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)。同(tong)期(qi)，日(ri)本的(de)(de)(de)Nissan（尼桑）、瑞(rui)典的(de)(de)(de)SAAB（薩博）、美國的(de)(de)(de)Ford（福特）、意大利的(de)(de)(de)FIAT（菲(fei)亞(ya)特）、德國的(de)(de)(de)ZF、法國的(de)(de)(de)Renault（雷諾）都對(dui)全自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)AMT進行了(le)(le)研(yan)究開發。1995年(nian)本田(tian)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分Civic轎(jiao)車（思(si)域(yu)）裝用(yong)了(le)(le)AMT。1996年(nian)寶(bao)馬M3轎(jiao)車所采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)“M序列(lie)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)速器”就(jiu)是在原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)M3型6檔(dang)手動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機械變(bian)速器基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)作了(le)(le)大幅度(du)的(de)(de)(de)改進，以全新的(de)(de)(de)電液(ye)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統取(qu)代了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)機械式(shi)(shi)變(bian)速器的(de)(de)(de)操縱系(xi)統，并(bing)有(you)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)速和手動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)速兩種可供選擇的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)(shi)。ZF公司也推出(chu)了(le)(le)其電控(kong)機械自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)速器新產品－ASTronic系(xi)列(lie)。

在此階(jie)段(duan)，研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)重點是離合器(qi)的(de)起步控制和換(huan)檔操(cao)縱規(gui)律，各(ge)大公司(si)對全自動AMT的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)使全自動AMT進入了實用階(jie)段(duan)。

       現(xian)階(jie)段(duan)及第(di)三階(jie)段(duan)是AMT智(zhi)能化(hua)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)。由于離(li)合(he)器(qi)的(de)(de)起(qi)步控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)換(huan)檔(dang)操縱規律與(yu)外(wai)界道(dao)路環境情況、人的(de)(de)主觀(guan)駕駛意圖、車(che)輛的(de)(de)運行(xing)狀態(tai)密切相(xiang)關，一般的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)易(yi)造成離(li)合(he)器(qi)的(de)(de)過(guo)快磨(mo)損、彎(wan)道(dao)意外(wai)換(huan)檔(dang)等不(bu)良現(xian)象。故(gu)采(cai)用模糊控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)、神經網絡控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)等智(zhi)能控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法，以提(ti)高AMT傳動系統的(de)(de)智(zhi)能。

AMT的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是在車(che)(che)輛(liang)上(shang)廣泛(fan)采用微電(dian)子(zi)技術的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)。目前，電(dian)子(zi)產(chan)(chan)品在車(che)(che)輛(liang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)應用已超過(guo)(guo)(guo)30%，電(dian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)自動(dong)(dong)變速(su)(su)、防抱(bao)死(si)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)系統（ABS）、防側滑(hua)（ASR）等相繼在車(che)(che)輛(liang)上(shang)使(shi)用。因此，將AMT的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機、ABS、ASR和ACCS的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相結合(he)，實現動(dong)(dong)力傳動(dong)(dong)系統一體(ti)(ti)化控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可提(ti)高傳動(dong)(dong)系統的(de)(de)(de)性能，優化控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)果。美國(guo)伊頓公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)最新產(chan)(chan)品Autoshift涵蓋了(le)6、7、10、18檔(dang)(dang)(dang)變速(su)(su)器，與Caterpillar（卡特彼(bi)勒）電(dian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機相匹配，換檔(dang)(dang)(dang)操(cao)作過(guo)(guo)(guo)程無需分離(li)離(li)合(he)器，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機及(ji)變速(su)(su)器內的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)裝置對(dui)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機轉速(su)(su)進行調節(jie)，使(shi)換檔(dang)(dang)(dang)主從(cong)件實現同(tong)(tong)步，完(wan)成換檔(dang)(dang)(dang)操(cao)作。

在歐洲商用(yong)車領域，自1986年首(shou)套AMT變(bian)速(su)器開始使用(yong)以來(lai)發展至今AMT裝(zhuang)車總(zong)量已超過(guo)90%。

而在中國這項技術雖然剛(gang)剛(gang)興(xing)起，但卻被越來越多的(de)業內人士看好(hao)，國內多家(jia)變速器企(qi)業都在積極研發各(ge)自的(de)AMT產品。

      國內行業現狀(zhuang)及發展趨勢(shi)

當(dang)前，我(wo)國(guo)汽(qi)車離(li)合器(qi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)也(ye)正處于發生深(shen)刻變化的時期。隨著多種變速箱技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的發展和齊頭并進，我(wo)國(guo)離(li)合器(qi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)也(ye)逐漸由(you)單一的、傳統的摩擦式離(li)合器(qi)向(xiang)多種傳動技(ji)(ji)術(shu)并存(cun)的方(fang)向(xiang)發展。

2000年以前，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)基本上(shang)(shang)還是摩(mo)擦(ca)式離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)枝獨秀，2000年以后，隨著汽車逐漸向(xiang)舒適(shi)性和環保節能的(de)(de)要(yao)求轉變，加上(shang)(shang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)先進傳動(dong)(dong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)相繼研發和引(yin)進，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)摩(mo)擦(ca)式離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)作為傳動(dong)(dong)部件的(de)(de)壟斷地(di)位逐漸被(bei)打(da)破。隨著我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)檔車型(xing)產(chan)量逐步(bu)上(shang)(shang)升。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)變速器(qi)(qi)目(mu)前已經在用的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)有(you)AT、AMT、CVT和DCT等，它們對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)傳動(dong)(dong)部件都(dou)不(bu)完全相同。AT、CVT主(zhu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)是液力變矩器(qi)(qi)(TC），同時也附帶有(you)一(yi)個鎖止離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)。AMT主(zhu)要(yao)還是傳統的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)式離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)，但需要(yao)改進成(cheng)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)（自(zi)動(dong)(dong)補償(chang)）離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)。DCT主(zhu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)是干式或者濕(shi)式雙離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)、雙質量飛輪。目(mu)前，國(guo)(guo)(guo)內主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)還是適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)手動(dong)(dong)變速器(qi)(qi)(MT），也就是傳統的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)

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